Lagmīnaklek

Lagmīnaklek (Hagt:, lit. 'language of the southern land') or Lagnaklakar (Lagmīnaklek: ) is a He language. It is the most widely spoken language of Minaklakar and the second most prestigious language of the region after Hagt.

Consonants
All consonants may be geminate. However, a geminate consonant is only pronounced as such if followed by a vowel, regardless of its position in the word. For example:


 * Hiŋkk uxš. [hiŋkː uxʂ] — He drank the milk.
 * p’ikk’i [ˈpʰikʰːi] — dull


 * Hiŋkk ligiš. [hiŋk ˈligiʂ] — He spat the milk.
 * likks [liks] — he spits


 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan=2 | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal ! colspan=2 | Nasal ! rowspan=3 | Stop ! voiceless ! aspirated ! voiced ! colspan=2 | Fricative ! colspan=2 | Approximant ! colspan=2 | Rhotic
 * + Consonant phonemes of Lagmīnaklek
 * m || n || || ɲ ⟨ñ⟩ || ŋ ||
 * p || t || || t͡ɕ ⟨c⟩ || k || ʔ ⟨'⟩
 * pʰ ⟨p'⟩ || tʰ ⟨t'⟩ || || t͡ɕʰ ⟨c'⟩ || kʰ ⟨k'⟩ ||
 * b || d || || d͡ʑ ⟨j⟩ || ɡ ⟨g⟩ ||
 * || s || ʂ ⟨š⟩ || ɕ ⟨ś⟩ || x || h
 * || l || || j ⟨y⟩ || w ||
 * || r || || || ||
 * }

Vowels

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! ! Front ! Back ! Close ! Open
 * + Vowel phonemes of Lagmīnaklek
 * i || u
 * colspan=2 | a
 * }

Writing system


The Lagmīnaklek script is based on the Hagt script. It consists of 23 letters, representing 27 phonemes. Unlike Hagt, Lagmīnaklek is strictly written left-to-right, without spaces between words.

Hagt loanwords are unchanged when written in Lagmīnaklek. For example, the word for "heart", xumpar is written as hump (Hagt word) + -ar (Lagmīnaklek nominative ending).

Grammar
Lagmīnaklek is a head-final agglutinative language.

Nouns
Nouns take one of either four declensions: a-declension, i-declension, u-declension and athematic declension.

Notes
 * 1) The endings -ar and -a are used when the root of the word ends in a consonant, while -r and -ñ are used when it ends in a vowel or r.
 * 2) When the word root in an obstruent plus a nasal consonant, the final nasal becomes a in the genitive and vocative cases, e.g. ikmar "help", ihaka "help's", ika "O help!'; budnar "self", budaha "self's", buda "O self!. If it ends in any consonant plus a liquid, an epenthetic a is inserted between the consonant and liquid, e.g. diŋrur "wrongfulness", diŋarha "wrongfulness's", diŋar "O wrongfulness"
 * 3) All stem-final stops assimilate to the suffix -k, forming a final geminate [k]. Similarly, all stem-final nasals become velar, e.g. hinddar → hinkks, iplanar → iplaŋk.

Verbs
Verbs are inflected for tense, aspect and mood.


 * 1) The infinitives of each conjugation are declined as nouns of their respective declensions.
 * 2) Similar to nouns, the endings -ar and -a are used if the verb root ends with a consonant; if it ends with a vowel or r, -r and -ñ are used.
 * 3) Similar to the genitive and vocative cases, if a verb root ends in an obstruent plus a nasal, the nasal becomes a in the present and imperative forms. If it ends in any consonant plus a liquid, and an a is inserted between the consonant and the liquid. The same applies for the causative and passive voice suffixes, e.g. ikmiš "to help", ikaksašš "to cause to help", ikakaš "to be helped".
 * 4) Final stops and nasals assimilate to the place of articulation and, for stops, voicing of the [k] in present tense marker, e.g. iñš "to walk", iŋks "walk(s)"; uppš "to fall", ukks "fall(s)".

Evidentiality
Lagmīnaklek has four evidential suffixes that are added to verbs:

Vocabulary
Lagmīnaklek is spoken during the golden age of the Hagt language. Consequently, Hagt has a lot of influence on Lagmīnaklek, including a number of loanwords and partially on its grammar.

Compounds from Hagt follow the usual Hagt head-initial order instead of the native head-final one. Thus, the word for "skull" is either ujuŋhir (literally "head-bone", native) or xurslukar (literally "bone-head", borrowed). Some commonplace loanwords may be used together with native terms following the native order. For example, xumbdugur "heartache" and ñiśixulnaŋkar "bestiary" (compare xulnaŋkmaxskar).